U.S. Stock Market Returns – a history from the 1870s to 2023

Note: This post was last updated on February 28th, 2024 to include refreshed U.S. stock market returns up until the end of 2023. The U.S. stock market returned +22.1% in 2023 💸

From Canada to Chile, Barcelona to Bali — investors around the globe pay close attention to the U.S. stock market. With the U.S. generating ~25% of global GDP,  and U.S. companies weighing in at ~60% of global stock markets, the long-term performance of all of our investments is heavily influenced by the performance of the U.S. market.

This post will cover a few facts and figures on the history of U.S. stock market returns:

• What is the average return of the stock market?
• How often does the stock market go down?
• Gauging the impact of short / long time horizons and the likelihood of losing money in the market
• The best months and worst months in stock market history

Understanding historical stock market returns can help to inform your financial plans, from planning for retirement, or figuring out whether it makes more sense to rent or buy your home. Plus, it’s plenty of fun for data geeks 🧐

Throughout this post we’ll be relying on a fantastic data set released and maintained by Professor Robert Shiller, giving us data on U.S. stock market returns all the way back to the 1870s — a data set covering more than 150 years.

Onto the good stuff!

 

U.S. Stock Market Returns by Year

What is the average annual return of the U.S. stock market?

• The average return of the U.S. stock market has been 8.5% per year over the past 152 years (1871 to 2023); note that this is the “simple” average across all years (also known as the “arithmetic” average)
• The annualized return (also known as the “geometric” average) of the U.S. stock market from start to finish has been 7.0% per year. This represents the compounded annual return that you would have earned if you’d invested over this whole period

This showcases why many financial planners tend to assume returns of 5% to 8% per year in the stock market.

Note: these figures are “real total returns”, meaning that they’ve been adjusted to include the re-investment of dividends, and have also been adjusted for inflation.

 

Distribution of Annual Returns

How often does the stock market go down?

• While the U.S. stock market has generally trended upwards over time, it isn’t always rainbows and unicorns. The market has grown in 69% of all years on record, and declined in 31% of years on record
• U.S. stock market returns in any single year can be extremely volatile. There have been 5 cases where the market declined by 30 to 40% in a single year (1917, 1931, 1937, 1974, and 2008)
• You don’t need to go back too far for evidence of losses in the stock market losses — in 2022, the U.S. stock market dropped by 23.3% (real total return of the S&P 500 index)

 

Buy, Hold… Profit?

The wild swings of the market are reduced if we start to look at time horizons that are longer than a single year.

In the animation below, you can see how U.S. stock market returns have fared when we look at 1 / 5 / 10 / 20 year rolling periods.

 

• Taking a 1-year view, we see lots of red — there were plenty of years in which the market was down, and sometimes down significantly.
• As we consider longer and longer time periods (stretching our view out to 5 years, then 10 years, and finally 20 years), the range of possibilities narrows, and the chance of losing money diminishes.
• Once we zoom it out to look at 20-year periods, you won’t see any more flashes of red. In other words, The U.S. stock market has never declined over any 20-year period.

And down below you’ll find the same chart, but this time shown as a static picture.

To summarize: while the range of returns across 1-year periods has varied significantly (from negative 37.0% to +53.2%), the annualized returns across 20-year periods have a much tighter range (from +0.5% to +13.2%).

In the long run, U.S. stocks have delivered strong returns. However, if your investment horizon is short (0-5 years), your savings are likely better suited towards less volatile assets such as bonds, GICs, or high interest savings accounts.

 

U.S. Stock Market Returns by Decade

Across the entire period spanning 1871 until 2023, U.S. stocks have increased at +4.7% per year excluding dividends, +9.2% per year including dividends, and +6.9% per year including dividends and also adjusting for inflation.

 

The Best and Worst Months in Stock Market History

The table below lists the 20 months on record with the highest returns, and the 20 months with the lowest returns (without adjusting for dividends or inflation).

A familiar story: in the short-term, the stock market is far from predictable.

The best month in stock market history was August 1932, when the market gained 50.3% in a single month!

On the other hand, the worst month in stock market history was November 1929, with a decline of 26.5%. The worst month in recent memory was October 2008 (during the depths of the Great Recession), when the stock market dropped by 16.9%.

 

$1,000 — Then and Now

If you had invested $1,000 in the U.S. stock market on Dec. 31st, 1969 and held the investment until Dec. 31, 2023 (without buying or selling during that 54-year period), your investment would have grown to ~$230k before inflation, or ~$28k after adjusting for inflation.

Historically, buying and holding (and potentially forgeting about the investment entirely) has been a simple and straightforward way to build wealth.

 

Final Thoughts

If you’re looking to make a quick buck by jumping in and out of the market, quite often you’ll find yourself on the losing end of things. Over short time periods, there’s no telling if the market will go up, down, or sideways.

However, if you have the patience and fortitude to hold onto your investments for 10 or 20+ years, your prospects become much brighter. You’ll ride out the short-term noise and benefit from the long-term upwards trend 🚀.

As always, Warren Buffet put it best: “the stock market is a device for transferring money from the impatient to the patient”.

That being said! If you’d like to try your hand at beating the performance of a simple buy-and-hold strategy, I invite you to play this simple market timing simulator game.
 

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For the data-heads, click here to download an excel file which contains all of the underlying data on U.S. stock market returns, along with the charts shown in this post.

Data sources:

Robert Shiller U.S. stock market data

Yahoo finance S&P 500 historical data

FRED U.S. CPI (inflation) data

Note: for the purposes of this post, the “U.S. stock market” refers to the S&P Composite index from 1871 to 1957, and the S&P 500 index from 1957 until today, which is aligned with the definition used by Professor Shiller.